Scholarly vs Pop Media Focus on Sexuality Essay Example for Free

Scholarly vs Pop Media Focus on Sexuality Essay Abortion is the termination of human pregnancy. According to Greenberg, Bruess Conklin there are two types of abortion, Spontaneous abortions, and induced abortion. The natural termination of a pregnancy is called spontaneous abortion or usually called miscarriages, and it occurs when the fetus stop developing and its expulse from the utero. Abortions requiring intervention to end the pregnancy are technically called Induce Abortion. Induce abortion has various methods including Vacuum aspiration, manual vacuum aspiration, medical abortion, or dilation and evacuation. Vacuum aspiration is the most common abortion in the United States, and is a â€Å"surgical procedure that uses a suction tube to evacuate the contents of the uterus, which can be used through the first weeks and the second trimester† (Greenberg, Bruess Conklin, 2010). The manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) is a variation of vacuum aspiration that can be used from the detection of pregnancy up to 12 weeks since the last menstrual period. (Greenberg, Bruess Conklin, 2010). The medical abortion is the used of drug to provoke the abortion. Dilation and evacuation occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy. This type of induces abortion â€Å"involves dilating the cervix, scraping the wall of the uterus and removing the endometrial lining with suction† (Greenberg, Bruess Conklin, 2010). â€Å"Should Parental Involvement Be Required for Minors Abortions? † by Hyman Rodman. In 1973, the U. S Supreme Court gave constitutional authorization to women’s’ right to abortion after Roe vs. Wade case. â€Å"The basis for the Courts decision was a womans right to privacy: This right of privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendments concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the District Court determined, in the Ninth Amendments reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a womans decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy (Rodman, 1991). One of the major restriction were debate in the U. S.  Supreme Court regarding the women right to an abortion was whether to required parental involvement for minors’ abortions. There are many reason of why parental involvement should not be legally necessary. Since abortion right to women was pass in 1973, many attempts have been made to end the right to abortion, to make abortion illegal, eliminate Medicaid funds to pay for abortions, all attempts have failed because â€Å"district courts ruled them unsontitutional and as these decisions were upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court Roadman 1991) The debates of abortion still a controversial in two levels, state and national. At the state level legislatures are trying to enact or restrict abortions for reasons of sex selection, with the exception of saving the mother’s life, prohibiting abortions after certain stage of the fetus, the used of Medicaid or federal funds to pay abortion, but the most controversial questions has to do with underage abortions, and particularly with whether to pass laws for underage permission or parental consent to have an abortion. The Court declared a minors right to an abortion, but it change from state to state. The states decision on parental consent or involvement in minors’ abortion is a difficult task for the state because of the state courts have to balance the constitutional right of parental and minor’s rights. The States may or not require the involvement or consent of one or both parents. If the minor does not want to have her parents’ involvement the minor can evade by going to the court. There are many reasons of why parent should and should not be involve in minors decision on having an abortion. Rodman state that â€Å"There is a pro-life argument that parental involvement will help teens to make a better and more informed decision about an unwanted pregnancy, and that this will improve the health of teenagers† (rodman, 1991) There are three reasons of why parents should not be involve in minors decision on having an abortion that Rodman present in this article, the first one is voluntary involvement, there is evidence that good parent-child communication about sexual matters leads to more responsible sexual behavior by adolescents. But when communication is forced it is more likely to be hostile and non supportive. The second reason is because â€Å"Bureaucratic Excess† when the minor avoid parental involvement with judicial bypass. â€Å"Judicial bypass involves establishing court procedures so that minors can exercise their right of privacy if they want to obtain an abortion without parental consent or notification† (Rodman, 1991). And the third reason is â€Å"uniqueness of that decision indeed a unique status applies to reproductive health decisions generally, because the courts have recognized that reproductive health decisions are unique in their urgency, importance, and sensitivity† (Rodman, 1991). Rodman state that If legislators and policymakers would acknowledge that, they would abandon their efforts to require parental involvement in abortion decisions and devote much greater attention to providing support for basic programs in education and public welfare that would reduce poverty, increase opportunities, enhance parent-child communication, and eliminate many of the unintended pregnancies that create a demand for minors abortions â€Å"Parental Involvement Laws and their effect on Abortion-Minded † by Robert Schwarzwalder. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the number of abortion has decreased since 1990 by 20% and it’s due to the parental involvement laws. Michael News 2008 Family Research Council study found that parental involvement laws within the various states have had a positive effect in reducing the amount of abortions in underage population. The Supreme Court allowed the states to create laws for minors to gain parental notification or consent to have abortions. But the Supreme Court required that the states to have Parental Involvement laws must have a judicial. By 2008, 36 states had adopted Parental Involvement law with a positive results, the results are that the among of abortion in minors (between 1985-1999) have drop by almost 50 % in contract of the states that parental Involvement is not required, the rate of abortion in minors drop only by 13. 4%. Also, laws that require both parents involvement reduces the in-state abortion rate of minors by about 31%† (Schwarzwalder, 2008) This study support that the states that support and enact the parental involvement law or required parental consent has an effect in the number of abortion by minors. And the effect is a positive, the decline of abortion of minors. Both parents involvement reduce the minors’ abortion rate even more. Schwarzwalder’s finding suggests that state and federal legislation to â€Å"mandates parental involvement in abortions for minors causes an ov erall decline in the abortion rate among minors. Both articles: â€Å"Should Parental Involvement Be Required for Minors Abortions? † by Hyman Rodman and â€Å"Parental Involvement Laws and their effect on Abortion-Minded † by Robert Schwarzwalder refer to the ROE vs WAVE case outcome in 1973, the women right to abortion. Rodman and Schwarzwalder explain in their article the bypass and it procedures, and both authors talk about the remarkable influence of parental involvement in minors during the decision of abortion. Rodman explained why parents should or should not be part of minors’ decision toward abortion. Rodman and Schwarzwalder agree that when parents are involve in their children (minors) sexual health the outcomes positive, Rodman said that â€Å"parental involvement will help teens to make a better and more informed decision about an unwanted pregnancy, and that this will improve the health of teenagers† (Rodman, 1991) and Schwarzwalder the declined of abortion in minors. Rodman explains why parents should or should be part of minors’ rights in abortion, he does not take a side or either should parents be involved or not. Rodman conclusion in his article is that the â€Å"legislators and policymakers should focus on provide support for basic programs in education and public welfare that would reduce poverty, increase opportunities, enhance parent-child communication, and eliminate many of the unintended pregnancies that create a demand for minors abortions† (Rodman, 1991) instead of deciding either parents involvement in abortion in underage. Schwarzwalder conclude his article by stated that parental consent reduce the number of minors’ abortion rate compare to the states that do not required parental consent or knowledge. In contrast to Rodman, Schwarzwalder just give the outcome of parental involvement in minors abortion but he fail to give detail and the reason of why and how parental involvement help to the positive outcome on decreasing the number of abortion. Even thou the two articles were good source of information for my research, I find out that the best source of information was the peer review because peer review is the evaluation of work by other people in the same field in order to maintain or improve the quality of the work in the same field. A primary difference between peer review and popular media is that the peer review has to be approving by recognized researcher in the field, read and evaluated before the article is submitted for publication. Peer review will be published (approved) send it backs to author to be revised or rejected if it does not meet the discipline’s standards of expertise. In peer review journal the author are in general Experts (scholar, professor etc. ), notes usually includes reference a notes or bibliographic. The language used in the article is written for exerts using technical language in the field. The audience is scholars or researcher in the field, and the frequency is usually monthly or quarterly. While the popular media the author are usually journalist, nonprofessional or layperson. The article has few or NO notes at all; the writing is for nonprofessional or layperson, and frequency is weekly or monthly. But the most important difference is that the review, while peer review journal is review by peer scholar not employed by the journal, the popular media article is review by one or more editors employed by the magazine.

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlets Inability to Take Action :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet's Inability to Take Action "To be, or not to be, that is the question."(Hamlet) This is the question that plagues Hamlet through the entire play. Should I live or should I die, should I take revenge for my father's death? These are all issues that Hamlet battles within himself. Hamlet's indecision is followed by inaction. The reason for this struggle with indecision can be based on many factors or on a combination of a few. As illustrated through his speeches and soliloquies Hamlet has the mind of a true thinker. Reinacting the death of his father in front of Claudius was in itself a wonderful idea. Although he may have conceived shcemes such as this, his mind was holding him back at the same time. His need to analyze and prove everythin certain drew his time of action farther and farther away. Hamlet continuously doubted himself and whether or not the action that he wanted to take was justifiable. The visit that Hamlet recieves from his dead father makes the reader think that it is Hamlet's time to go and seek revenge. This is notthe case. Hamlet does seem eager to try and take the life of Claudius in the name of his father, but before he can do so he has a notion, what if that was not my father, but an evil apparition sending me on the wrong path? This shows that even with substantial evidence of Claudius' deeds, Hamlet's mind is not content. With his thinking mind Hamlet does not become a typical vengeful character. Unlike most erratic behavior of individuals seeking revenge out of rage, Hamlet considers the consequences of his actions. What would the people think of their prince if he were to murder the king? What kind of effect would it have on his beloved mother? Hamlet considers questions of this type which in effect hasten his descision. After all, once his mother is dead and her feelings out of the picture , Hamlet is quick and aggressive in forcing poison into Claudius' mouth. Once Hamlet is certain that Claudius is the killer it is only after he himself is and and his empire falling that he can finally act. On top of Hamlet's over analyzation of the situation an his constant reviewing of all the reasons why he should not act, there is another force which he cannot control.

Compare war poems Essay

Many terrible things happened in World War 1 or the Great War. For me one of the main points were the injustice of it all, how the officer class treated the young ordinary soldiers, mostly from the working class, I have chosen two poems by Siegfried Sassoon which pick up on these themes â€Å"Base Details† and â€Å"Does It Matter? † In both these poems, Sassoon uses sarcasm to magnify his feelings of both anger and frustration, and this makes both poems particularly poignant. In â€Å"Base Details†, Sassoon portrays the role of an army commander back at headquarters (â€Å"the Base†), well away from the front line. As soon as you read â€Å"Base Details you can tell how much Sassoon hates these base areas, in which the generals lay behind. The sarcasm he uses is so utterly obvious of his hatred and he shows this by using a simple rhyming scheme as if a ? Even in the title, Sassoon begins his sarcasm by punning on the word â€Å"Base† i. e. describing both the place, but also the â€Å"base† behaviour in his view of the people there. Sassoon shows his disgust for such people by portraying men who took themselves so seriously, in their bright red uniforms: â€Å"If I were fierce†¦ I’d live with scarlet Majors†¦ â€Å", but are in reality pathetic, puffing figures: â€Å"†¦ bald, and short of breath† What Sassoon particularly hated was how these pompous people sent miserable young men to die at the Front: â€Å"†¦ speed glum heroes up the line to death† Whilst they were safely tucked away at Base, eating and drinking the best of food and wine: â€Å"Guzzling and gulping in the best hotel† It was so irritating hearing the patronising words of sympathy: â€Å"†¦ poor young chap, I used to know his father well† And of course when the war was over, these officers could return safely and uninjured to England, unlike countless millions of ordinary soldiers and other officers: â€Å"And when the war is done and youth stone dead, I’d toddle safely home and die – in bed. † Every line drips with sarcasm which powerfully brings out the unfairness of how the war was conducted. This brings me to my second point, and what happened when the many injured soldiers returned to Britain, which is what is â€Å"Does it Matter? † is about. In this poem, Sassoon deals with soldiers with physical and mental injuries of all sorts. â€Å"†¦ losing your legs† â€Å"†¦ losing your sight† â€Å"†¦ those dreams from the pit† Having returned, people at home tried to be nice and understanding, but really had no appreciation of how these words would be felt as patronising and how it is to feel you are being pitied in this way. Sassoon again uses a form of sarcasm here, although less bitter than in â€Å"Base Details†. In each of the three stanzas of this poem, Sassoon asks with irony: â€Å"Does it matter? † that the soldier had such and such an injury when it clearly matters whether you have lost you legs, or sight or are going out of your mind with awful nightmares. In each case he paints a picture of how hurtful and frustrating it was for these soldiers to hear people at home almost dismiss their injuries, when they can then happily go about their own lives in a way that the soldiers cannot: â€Å"†¦ when the others come in after hunting (with legs! )† It really was so patronising, even if unintentional, to say: â€Å"There is such splendid work for the blind† Or â€Å"And people won’t say that you’re mad; For they’ll know that you fought for your country And no one will worry a bit. † It is really like saying â€Å"there, there† to a child. War is always an awful thing, and causes much misery for all concerned. In the above poems about the Great War, Sassoon focused on two aspects, the awful unfairness of how ordinary soldiers were sent to their death by useless and vain superiors, and the anguish of those who returned injured caused by the patronising pity of those at home.

U.s. Policies Towards Climate Change - 2401 Words

U.S. policies towards climate change has continued to develop throughout the administrations of Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and currently Barack Obama. In this paper I will focus specifically on Clinton. One of the Clinton administration’s main goals was to make the United States the global leader in protecting the environment. Throughout Clinton’s administration from 1993 to 2001, the ambitious goals of environmental protection had many highs and lows. The United States had to make decisions about how it would go about tackling climate change and what roles of other countries would play. There was opposition in congress about how the U.S. economy would fare with many of the ideas the Clinton administration was coming†¦show more content†¦As, arguably, the only global power at the time, the United States spearheaded the dialogue on climate change. At some points the United States has trouble convincing other nations to come on board. This ca n be seen in documents three and four, where Japan is having some trepidations over industrialized nations involvement in climate change versus developing nations. It can especially be seen in document three where they clearly have different perspectives on where they see climate change in the long term. Japan is also skeptical of many of the emission trading s the United States takes part in because they are not quite sure how it would work and what position they would play. The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was particularly worried about China s role in this agreement also, they did not want to carry out strict reductions while China continued to pollute the air around them. In comparison, document nine also centers around the United States as it tries to get the most out of the present climate change agreement, by working with Ambassador Raul A Estrada-Oyuela. Documents three and four are more focused on the beginning of various climate change treaties the United States w as trying to conceive. While document 4 focuses on a climate agreement after Kyoto that would be in the United States best interest. Furthermore, Document one discusses the United States goals in reducing greenhouse emissions. It lays out how to achieve success in